Martin Röösli, Full Professor, PhD

Biopics

I received a M.Sc. degree in Environmental Science in from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ) in 1997 and a Ph.D. in Epidemiology from the University of Basel in 2001. I am head of the Environmental Exposure and Health Uni and also co-chair of the Joint South African and Swiss Chair in Global Environmental Health.

My research deals with a broad range of public health relevant national and global environmental health issues including transportation noise, electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation, air pollution, pesticides and climate change. Together with my team I am conducting exposure assessment studies, epidemiological research and health risk assessments including systematic reviews. I am also serving as advisor to a number of national and international public advisory and research steering groups concerning the potential health effects of environmental risk factors.

Appointments

2024-                  Full Professor in Environmental Epidemiology (University of Basel) and Head of the Environmental Exposures and Health Unit at Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel

2016-2024           Associate Professor in Environmental Epidemiology (University of Basel) and Head of the Environmental Exposures and Health Unit (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute) Basel

2009-2016           SSPH+ Assistant Professor and Head of the Environmental Exposures and Health Unit at Swiss TPH

2003-2009           Senior Epidemiologist: Head of the Environmental Health Research Group, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern

2001-2003           Post Doc, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel

1998-2001           PhD Student, Air Quality Management Agency of Basel/Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Basel

1997-1998           Research Assistant, Institute of Atmospheric Science of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich (ETHZ)

1991-1997           Teacher: Various substitutions at different school levels

1988-1991           Primary School Teacher, Dagmersellen

Academic and Professional Qualifications

2009                   PD (‘Venia docendi’) at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Bern

1998-2001           PhD in Epidemiology, University of Basel

2000-2001           Post graduate education in applied statistics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ)

1992-1997           MSc in Environmental Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ)

1983-1988           Pedagogic College in Hitzkirch

 

Bibliography

Google scholar: https://scholar.google.ch/citations?user=pwxncCMAAAAJ&hl=de

Research ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/395487

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7475-1531

 

Social media

https://www.linkedin.com/in/martin-r%C3%B6%C3%B6sli-745070a6/

https://bsky.app/profile/martinroosli.bsky.social

 

Scientific committees and governmental boards

Current Committees and Service Activities

2024-                  Member of the Steering Committee of the “Public Health Cluster” of the Swiss National Science Advice Network

2023-                  Member of National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Protection (NCRP) Scientific Committee 8-1 (SC 8-1) and PAC 8 (Program Area Committee Nonionizing Radiation), Bethesda, USA.

2023-                  Member of the Working group "Strahlenschutzgrundsätze für nichtionisierende Strahlung" (A632) of the Committee Non-ionizing Radiation (A6) of the German Radiation Protection Commission.

2023-                  Member of Working Group 2 Environmental and Occupational Risks for the update of the European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition (ECAC5), International Agency for Research on Cancer

2022-                  Advisor of the Health Risks of Air Pollution in Europe (HRAPIE-2) project, by WHO Europe

2020-                  Member of the Steering Group of the Center for African Studies, University of Basel

2019-                  Member of the committee Non-ionizing Radiation (A6) of the German Radiation Protection Commission and member of the working group 5G (A630)

2017-                  Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the “Occupational exposure to chrysotile workers in mines and processing facilities in Asbest, Russian Federation” study, jointly conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health of the Russian Federation in Moscow.

 

2017-                  External expert of the Swiss National Science Foundation Commission of the University of Basel

 

2012-                  Writing Committee of the Environmental Health Criteria Monograph on Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields of the WHO.

 

 

Past Committees and Service Activities

2016-2024           Member of the ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection)

2021-2023           Member of the Expert Group Childhood Brain Cancer Cluster Analysis in Switzerland, led by Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) on behalf of the Federal Office for Public Health

2014-2023           Head of BERENIS: Swiss consulting expert group on non-ionizing radiation

2012-2023           Member of the Federal Noise Abatement Commission (Eidgenössische Lärmbekämpfungskommission)

2011-2023           Extraparliamentary Commission for Environmental Research of the Federal Office for Environment

2010-2023           Member of the Expert Group for the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM)

2016-2021           Member of the International Scientific Advisory Board of COSMOS (cohort study of mobile phone use and health)

2018-2020           Co-director and member of the Steering Group of the Center for African Studies, University of Basel

2018-2019           Working Group Mobile Phone and Radiation, of Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications

2018-2019           European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) Review: Climate Change and Health.

2016-2019           Member of the Federal Commission for Tobacco Prevention (Eidgenössische Kommission für Tabakprävention)

2015-2018           Member of the Scientific Council of the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)

2013-2018           Affiliated Researcher at the Israeli Non-Ionizing Radiation Information Center

2011-2016           Member of the a+Energy-Commission of Swiss Academies of Arts and Science

 

Organization of congresses and scientific meetings

2019-2020           Advisory Board, Forum „Environment and Cancer”, Swiss Cancer League, including organization of the Forum Umwelt und Krebs: Dialog für eine umweltbewusste Krebsprävention, 24. November 2020.

2019                   Co-organizer of the Swiss TPH winter symposium Climate Change and Health

2017-2018           Co-chair of the Technical Program Committee for BioEM Meeting, 25-29 June 2018, in Protorož, Slovenia.

2016-2017           Technical Program Committee member for BioEM Meeting, 05-09 June 2017, West Lake Villa, Hangzhou, China.

2016-2017           Senior Congress Advisor for 12th ICBEN Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, 18-22 June 2017, Zürich, Switzerland

 

Scientific societies

2019-2021           Elected Member of the Council for Biological and Medical Science of the European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA)

2010-                  Swiss Society for Public Health

2009-2017           Elected Member of the Council for Biological and Medical Science of the European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA)

2003-                  Member of the European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA)

2001-                  Member of the Bioelectromagnetics Society (BEMS)

2000-                  Member of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE)

1998-                  Swiss Academic Society for Environmental Research and Ecology (SAGUF)

 

Teaching boards

2010-                   Co-director of the MSc programme “Epidemiology”, Faculty of Science, University of Basel

2019-                  Academic Board of the SSP+ Inter-university Graduate Campus

 

Bosch-Capblanch X, Esu E, Oringanje C.M, Dongus S, Jalilian H, Eyers J, Auer C, Meremikwu M, Röösli M. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure on human self-reported symptoms: a systematic review of human experimental studies. Environ Int. 2024;187:108612. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108612

Boz S, Kwiatkowski M, Zwahlen M, Bochud M, Bulliard J.L, Konzelmann I, Bergeron Y, Rapiti E, Maspoli Conconi M, Bordoni A, Röösli M, Vienneau D. A cohort analysis of residential radon exposure and melanoma incidence in Switzerland. Environ Res. 2024;243:117822. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117822

Karipidis K, Baaken D, Loney T, Blettner M, Brzozek C, Elwood M, Narh C, Orsini N, Röösli M, Paulo M.S, Lagorio S. The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: a systematic review of human observational studies - Part I: most researched outcomes. Environ Int. 2024;191:108983. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108983

Ragettli M.S, Flückiger B, Vienneau D, Domingo-Irigoyen S, Koschenz M, Röösli M. Vulnerability to heat-related mortality and the effect of prevention measures: a time-stratified case-crossover study in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2024;154(10):3410. DOI: 10.57187/s.3418

Röösli M, Dongus S, Jalilian H, Eyers J, Esu E, Oringanje C.M, Meremikwu M, Bosch-Capblanch X. The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure on tinnitus, migraine and non-specific symptoms in the general and working population: a systematic review and meta-analysis on human observational studies. Environ Int. 2024;183:108338. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108338

Schulte F, Röösli M, Ragettli M.S. Risk, attributable fraction and attributable number of cause-specific heat-related emergency hospital admissions in Switzerland. Int J Public Health. 2024;69:1607349. DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1607349

Veludo A.F, Röösli M, Dalvie M.A, Stuchlík Fišerová P, Prokeš R, Přibylová P, Šenk P, Kohoutek J, Mugari M, Klánová J, Huss A, Figueiredo D.M, Mol H, Dias J, Degrendele C, Fuhrimann S. Child exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides measured in urine, wristbands, and household dust and its implications for child health in South Africa: a panel study. Environ Epidemiol. 2024;8(1):e282. DOI: 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000282

Vienneau D, Wicki B, Flückiger B, Schäffer B, Wunderli J.M, Röösli M. Long-term exposure to transportation noise and diabetes mellitus mortality: a national cohort study and updated meta-analysis. Environ Health. 2024;23(1):46. DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01084-0

Wicki B, Flückiger B, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K, Röösli M, Ragettli M.S. Socio-environmental modifiers of heat-related mortality in eight Swiss cities: a case time series analysis. Environ Res. 2024;246:118116. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118116

Wicki B, Vienneau D, Schäffer B, Müller T.J, Raub U, Widrig J, Pervilhac C, Röösli M. Acute effects of military aircraft noise on sedative and analgesic drug administrations in psychiatric patients: a case-time series analysis. Environ Int. 2024;185:108501. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108501

Castro A, Künzli N, de Hoogh K, Kappeler R, Kutlar Joss M, Vienneau D, Röösli M. Mortality attributable to ambient fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide in Switzerland in 2019: use of two-pollutant effect estimates. Environ Res. 2023;231(Pt 1):116029. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116029

Eeftens M, Pujol S, Klaiber A, Chopard G, Riss A, Smayra F, Flückiger B, Gehin T, Diallo K, Wiart J, Mazloum T, Mauny F, Röösli M. The association between real-life markers of phone use and cognitive performance, health-related quality of life and sleep. Environ Res. 2023;231(Pt 1):116011. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116011

Eeftens M, Shen C, Sönksen J, Schmutz C, van Wel L, Liorni I, Vermeulen R, Cardis E, Wiart J, Toledano M, Röösli M. Modelling of daily radiofrequency electromagnetic field dose for a prospective adolescent cohort. Environ Int. 2023;172:107737. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107737

Loizeau N, Zahner M, Schindler J, Stephan C, Fröhlich J, Gugler M, Ziegler T, Röösli M. Comparison of ambient radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels in outdoor areas and public transport in Switzerland in 2014 and 2021. Environ Res. 2023;237(Pt 1):116921. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116921

Olbrich H.G, Röösli M, Herrmann E, Maschke C, Schadow K, Hähnel T, Rupprecht H.J, Kaltenbach M. Aircraft noise exposure and risk for recurrent cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndrome: a prospective patient cohort study. Environ Res. 2023;238(Pt. 1):117108. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117108

Rahban R, Senn A, Nef S, Röösli M. Association between self-reported mobile phone use and the semen quality of young men. Fertil Steril. 2023;120(6):1181-1192. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.09.009

Tangermann L, Vienneau D, Saucy A, Hattendorf J, Schaffer B, Wunderli J.M, Röösli M. The association of road traffic noise with cognition in adolescents: a cohort study in Switzerland. Environ Res. 2023;218:115031. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115031

Vienneau D, Stafoggia M, Rodopoulou S, Chen J, Atkinson R.W, Bauwelinck M, Klompmaker J.O, Oftedal B, Andersen Z.J, Janssen N.A.H, So R, Lim Y.H, Flückiger B, Ducret-Stich R, Röösli M, Probst-Hensch N, Künzli N, Strak M, Samoli E, de Hoogh K, Brunekreef B, Hoek G. Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland. Environ Health. 2023;22(1):29. DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y

Wicki B, Schäffer B, Wunderli J.M, Müller T.J, Pervilhac C, Röösli M, Vienneau D. Suicide and transportation noise: a prospective cohort study from Switzerland. Environ Health Perspect. 2023;131(3):37013. DOI: 10.1289/EHP11587

Blume C, Schoch S.F, Vienneau D, Röösli M, Kohler M, Moeller A, Kurth S, Usemann J. Association of transportation noise with sleep during the first year of life: a longitudinal study. Environ Res. 2022;203:111776. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111776

Boz S, Berlin C, Kwiatkowski M, Bochud M, Bulliard J.L, Zwahlen M, Röösli M, Vienneau D. A prospective cohort analysis of residential radon and UV exposures and malignant melanoma mortality in the Swiss population. Environ Int. 2022;169:107437. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107437

Cabré-Riera A, van Wel L, Liorni I, Koopman-Verhoeff M.E, Imaz L, Ibarluzea J, Huss A, Wiart J, Vermeulen R, Joseph W, Capstick M, Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Röösli M, Eeftens M, Thielens A, Tiemeier H, Guxens M. Estimated all-day and evening whole-brain radiofrequency electromagnetic fields doses, and sleep in preadolescents. Environ Res. 2022;204(Pt C):112291. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112291

Castro A, Röösli M, de Hoogh K, Kappeler R, Kutlar Joss M, Vienneau D, Künzli N. Methods matter: a comparative review of health risk assessments for ambient air pollution in Switzerland. Public Health Rev. 2022;43:1604431. DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2022.1604431

Degrendele C, Klánová J, Prokes R, Příbylová P, Šenk P, Šudoma M, Röösli M, Dalvie M.A, Fuhrimann S. Current use pesticides in soil and air from two agricultural sites in South Africa: implications for environmental fate and human exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2022;807(Pt 1):150455. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150455

Degrendele C, Prokeš R, Šenk P, Jílková S.R, Kohoutek J, Melymuk L, Přibylová P, Dalvie M.A, Röösli M, Klánová J, Fuhrimann S. Human exposure to pesticides in dust from two agricultural sites in South Africa. Toxics. 2022;10(10):629. DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100629

Dongus S, Jalilian H, Schürmann D, Röösli M. Health effects of WiFi radiation: a review based on systematic quality evaluation. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2022;52(19):3547-3566. DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2021.1951549

Raess M, Brentani A.V.M, Flückiger B, Ledebur de Antas de Campos B, Fink G, Röösli M. Association between community noise and children's cognitive and behavioral development: a prospective cohort study. Environ Int. 2022;158:106961. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106961

Röösli M, Fuhrimann S, Atuhaire A, Rother H.A, Dabrowski J, Eskenazi B, Jørs E, Jepson P.C, London L, Naidoo S, Rohlman D.S, Saunyama I, van Wendel de Joode B, Adeleye A.O, Alagbo O.O, Aliaj D, Azanaw J, Beerappa R, Brugger C, Chaiklieng S, Chetty-Mhlanga S, Chitra G.A, Dhananjayan V, Ejomah A, Enyoh C.E, Galani Y.J.H, Hogarh J.N, Ihedioha J.N, Ingabire J.P, Isgren E, Loko Y.L.E, Maree L, Metou'ou Ernest N, Moda H.M, Mubiru E, Mwema M.F, Ndagire I, Olutona G.O, Otieno P, Paguirigan J.M, Quansah R, Ssemugabo C, Solomon S, Sosan M.B, Sulaiman M.B, Teklu B.M, Tongo I, Uyi O, Cueva-Vasquez H, Veludo A, Viglietti P, Dalvie M.A. Interventions to reduce pesticide exposure from the agricultural sector in Africa: a workshop report. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(15):8973. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158973

Schmutz C, Bürgler A, Ashta N, Soenksen J, Karim Y.B, Shen C, Smith R.B, Jenkins R.H, Mireku M.O, Mutz J, Maes M.J.A, Hirst R, Chang I, Fleming C, Mussa A, Kesary D, Addison D, Maslanyj M, Toledano M.B, Röösli M, Eeftens M. Personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure of adolescents in the Greater London area in the SCAMP cohort and the association with restrictions on permitted use of mobile communication technologies at school and at home. Environ Res. 2022;212(Part B):113252. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113252

Vienneau D, Saucy A, Schäffer B, Flückiger B, Tangermann L, Stafoggia M, Wunderli J.M, Röösli M, SNC study Group. Transportation noise exposure and cardiovascular mortality: 15-years of follow-up in a nationwide prospective cohort in Switzerland. Environ Int. 2022;158:106974. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106974

Asmall T, Abrams A, Röösli M, Cissé G, Carden K, Dalvie M.A. The adverse health effects associated with drought in Africa. Sci Total Environ. 2021;793:148500. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148500

Huss A, Dongus S, Aminzadeh R, Thielens A, van den Bossche M, Van Torre P, de Seze R, Cardis E, Eeftens M, Joseph W, Vermeulen R, Röösli M. Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: comparison of exposimeters with a novel body-worn distributed meter. Environ Int. 2021;156:106711. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106711

Luminati O, Ledebur de Antas de Campos B, Fluckiger B, Brentani A, Röösli M, Fink G, de Hoogh K. Land use regression modelling of NO2 in São Paulo, Brazil. Environ Pollut. 2021;289:117832. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117832

Saucy A, de Hoogh K, Vienneau D, Tangermann L, Schäffer B, Wunderli J.M, Probst-Hensch N, Röösli M. Mutual effects of fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and fireworks on cause-specific acute cardiovascular mortality: a case-crossover study in communities affected by aircraft noise. Environ Pollut. 2021;291:118066. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118066

Saucy A, Ragettli M.S, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K, Tangermann L, Schaffer B, Wunderli J.M, Probst-Hensch N, Röösli M. The role of extreme temperature in cause-specific acute cardiovascular mortality in Switzerland: a case-crossover study. Sci Total Environ. 2021;790:147958. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147958

Saucy A, Schäffer B, Tangermann L, Vienneau D, Wunderli J.M, Röösli M. Does night-time aircraft noise trigger mortality? A case-crossover study on 24 886 cardiovascular deaths. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(8):835-843. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa957

Schulte F, Röösli M, Ragettli M.S. Heat-related cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Switzerland: a clinical perspective. Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151:w30013. DOI: 10.4414/SMW.2021.w30013

Waszak S.M, Robinson G.W, Gudenas B.L, Smith K.S, Forget A, Kojic M, Garcia-Lopez J, Hadley J, Hamilton K.V, Indersie E, Buchhalter I, Kerssemakers J, Jäger N, Sharma T, Rausch T, Kool M, Sturm D, Jones D.T.W, Vasilyeva A, Tatevossian R.G, Neale G, Lombardi B, Loew D, Nakitandwe J, Rusch M, Bowers D.C, Bendel A, Partap S, Chintagumpala M, Crawford J, Gottardo N.G, Smith A, Dufour C, Rutkowski S, Eggen T, Wesenberg F, Kjaerheim K, Feychting M, Lannering B, Schüz C.E, Johansen C, Andersen T.V, Röösli M, Kuehni C.E, Grotzer M, Remke M, Puget S, Pajtler K.W, Milde T, Witt O, Ryzhova M, Korshunov A, Orr B.A, Ellison D.W, Brugieres L, Lichter P, Nichols K.E, Gajjar A, Wainwright B.J, Ayrault O, Korbel J.O, Northcott P.A, Pfister S.M. Germline Elongator mutations in Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma. Nature. 2020;580(7803):396-401. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2164-5

Héritier H, Vienneau D, Foraster M, Eze I.C, Schaffner E, de Hoogh K, Thiesse L, Rudzik F, Habermacher M, Köpfli M, Pieren R, Brink M, Cajochen C, Wunderli J.M, Probst-Hensch N, Röösli M. A systematic analysis of mutual effects of transportation noise and air pollution exposure on myocardial infarction mortality: a nationwide cohort study in Switzerland. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(7):598-603. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy650

Waszak S.M, Northcott P.A, Buchhalter I, Robinson G.W, Sutter C, Groebner S, Grund K.B, Brugieres L, Jones D.T.W, Pajtler K.W, Morrissy A.S, Kool M, Sturm D, Chavez L, Ernst A, Brabetz S, Hain M, Zichner T, Segura-Wang M, Weischenfeldt J, Rausch T, Mardin B.R, Zhou X, Baciu C, Lawerenz C, Chan J.A, Varlet P, Guerrini-Rousseau L, Fults D.W, Grajkowska W, Hauser P, Jabado N, Ra Y.S, Zitterbart K, Shringarpure S.S, De La Vega F.M, Bustamante C.D, Ng H.K, Perry A, MacDonald T.J, Hernaiz Driever P, Bendel A.E, Bowers D.C, McCowage G, Chintagumpala M.M, Cohn R, Hassall T, Fleischhack G, Eggen T, Wesenberg F, Feychting M, Lannering B, Schuz J, Johansen C, Andersen T.V, Röösli M, Kuehni C.E, Grotzer M, Kjaerheim K, Monoranu C.M, Archer T.C, Duke E, Pomeroy S.L, Shelagh R, Frank S, Sumerauer D, Scheurlen W, Ryzhova M.V, Milde T, Kratz C.P, Samuel D, Zhang J, Solomon D.A, Marra M, Eils R, Bartram C.R, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Ramaswamy V, Gilbertson R.J, Korshunov A, Taylor M.D, Lichter P, Malkin D, Gajjar A, Korbel J.O, Pfister S.M. Spectrum and prevalence of genetic predisposition in medulloblastoma: a retrospective genetic study and prospective validation in a clinical trial cohort. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(6):785-798. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30242-0

Aydin D, Feychting M, Schuz J, Tynes T, Andersen T.V, Schmidt L.S, Poulsen A.H, Johansen C, Prochazka M, Lannering B, Klaeboe L, Eggen T, Jenni D, Grotzer M, von der Weid N, Kuehni C.E, Röösli M. Mobile phone use and brain tumors in children and adolescents: a multicenter case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(16):1264-1276. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr244